In this paper, a photosensor-based latency measurement system for head-mounted displays\n(HMDs) is proposed. The motion-to-photon latency is the greatest reason for motion sickness and\ndizziness felt by users when wearing an HMD system. Therefore, a measurement system is required\nto accurately measure and analyze the latency to reduce these problems. The existing measurement\nsystem does not consider the actual physical movement in humans, and its accuracy is also very\nlow. However, the proposed system considers the physical head movement and is highly accurate.\nSpecifically, it consists of a head position model-based rotary platform, pixel luminance change\ndetector, and signal analysis and calculation modules. Using these modules, the proposed system\ncan exactly measure the latency, which is the time difference between the physical movement for a\nuser and the luminance change of an output image. In the experiment using a commercial HMD,\nthe latency was measured to be up to 47.05 ms. In addition, the measured latency increased up to\n381.17 ms when increasing the rendering workload in the HMD.
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